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Glossary
Glossary
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A
ACE (Automated Commercial Environment) is the online portal for reporting export and import data to the U.S. government. Managed by U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP), ACE serves as the mandatory, primary system through which the U.S. government collects, tracks,...
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Ad Valorem is a term from Latin which means “according to value.” It refers to an import duty that is calculated based on a percentage of the cargo’s dutiable value. In the context of U.S. imports, an ad valorem duty is the...
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AES (Automated Export System) is the system used by the U.S. government to collect data on exports. AES is the primary tool used by the U.S. Census Bureau and U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) to collect Electronic Export Information...
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An aggregate shipment, also commonly known as a consolidated shipment, consists of multiple smaller shipments from different sellers combined into one larger shipment. This logistics strategy is used to achieve better freight rates. Instead of multiple shippers each paying for...
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A shipping document that accompanies goods transported by international air courier services. It provides essential details about the shipment and allows all involved parties to track and document its progress. Also known as a consignment note, an AWB serves as...
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ALADI (Latin American Integration Association), or Asociación Latinoamericana de Integración, is an intergovernmental organization that promotes trade harmonization and economic integration among its 13 Latin American member countries. Headquartered in Montevideo, Uruguay, ALADI's primary objective is the long-term establishment of a...
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Alongside refers to the side of a ship for cargo delivery (e.g., Free Alongside Ship). Alongside is a crucial shipping term defining the specific point of delivery and transfer of risk at a port. It means the cargo has been...
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An antidiversion clause, now formally known as a Destination Control Statement (DCS), is a legal declaration required on shipping documents to ensure exported goods from the United States reach the intended recipient and are not diverted to an unauthorized destination...
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Antidumping duty (AD) is a special tariff imposed to offset the impact of goods sold in the U.S. at less than fair market value. Antidumping duties are a trade remedy used by the U.S. government to protect domestic industries from...
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Apparent good order is a term indicating that freight is seemingly free of damage upon initial visual assessment. It is standard legal language used by carriers on a Bill of Lading (B/L) or Air Waybill (AWB). When a carrier issues...
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Arbitration is a formal method of resolving disputes outside the court system. It is a form of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) where the parties in a conflict agree to present their cases to a neutral third-party (an arbitrator or a...
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Arrival notice is a notification sent to the consignee (and/or notify party) that their shipment has arrived or is about to arrive. This is a critical operational document sent by the ocean carrier's or airline's destination agent. Its purpose is...
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Astern / athwartships are nautical terms describing direction and orientation on a ship. Astern means at or toward the stern (the rear) of the ship. It is the direct opposite of ahead (at the front/bow). It can describe a physical location on the ship (e.g.,...
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Audit is a systematic examination of a business’s compliance with import or export regulations. In U.S. international trade, an audit is a formal review of a company's records and procedures to ensure they are following all laws. These can be...
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Audit trail is a detailed, chronological system for tracking business processes and records. In other words, it is a log that provides documentary evidence of the sequence of activities that have affected a specific operation, procedure, or transaction. In U.S....
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AUSFTA (Australia-United States Free Trade Agreement) is a trade agreement that promotes and liberalizes trade between the U.S. and Australia. The AUSFTA entered into force on January 1, 2005. Its primary goal is to eliminate barriers to trade and investment...
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Automatic Identification System (AIS) is a satellite and VHF-based transponder system for identifying and tracking ships. AIS is mandated by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) for all large commercial vessels. It functions as a ship's electronic beacon, continuously transmitting data...
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B
Cargo carried on a return journey.
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Low-weight, high-volume cargo.
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Financial instrument drawn on a bank.
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Width of a ship.
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Party receiving payment.
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Agreement with mutual benefits for both parties.
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Document acknowledging receipt of cargo for shipment.
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Document confirming goods transfer for payment.
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Party responsible for payment.
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Enforces U.S. export regulations.
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Minimizes cargo movement during transit.
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Secures cargo during transit.
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Secures container to chassis or railcar.
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Initial port of entry for a vessel.
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Reserving space with a carrier for cargo movement.
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Front of a vessel.
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Empty space in a container.
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Unpackaged cargo (e.g., grain, coal).
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Secures cargo within a container.
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C
Refers to the transportation of goods between two points within the same country by a foreign carrier. This can apply to various modes of transport, including but not limited to: Coastal routes (shipments between domestic ports) Port-to-port transport Air...
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Promotes trade between the U.S. and Central American countries.
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Required for certain exports to Canada.
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Goods being transported.
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Information submitted to customs authorities.
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Document detailing cargo on a ship.
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Promotes economic integration among Caribbean countries.
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Allows temporary duty-free import of goods for display.
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Party transporting goods and responsible for their safety.
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Payment received before goods are shipped.
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Payment made upon delivery.
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Controls the flow of people and goods into and out of the U.S.
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Indicates conformity to Chinese standards.
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List of dual-use items with export restrictions.
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Indicates conformity to European Union standards.
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Verifies product meets quality standards.
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Indicates product is marketable and eligible for export.
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Verifies goods' condition before shipment.
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A Certificate of Origin (COO) is an essential document in international trade. Issued by the exporter, it verifies that a product was manufactured in a specific country. The COO also includes details about the product, its destination, and the exporting...
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Compilation of U.S. federal regulations.
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Incoterm where the seller covers costs and freight to the destination port.
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Association of businesses offering advocacy and document certification.
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Certification by a Chamber of Commerce on documents like COOs.
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Legal notes within the Harmonized System (HS) nomenclature.
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A special trailer or attachment that allows shipping containers to be transported by truck. It is essential for shipments transitioning from sea to road and typically incurs a chassis fee. The chassis is designed to fit securely around the container,...
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Prevents cargo movement during transit. How do chocks work? Wedge Power Chocks are designed to be wedged tightly against a wheel or object, providing a strong and stable barrier against movement. The wedge shape allows them to distribute force effectively,...
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CIF stands for Cost, Insurance, and Freight. It's an Incoterm, a standardized term developed by the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) to bring clarity and consistency to international commercial transactions. Under CIF, the seller takes on a significant portion of...
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It's an Incoterm established by the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) to provide a clear roadmap for international transactions, ensuring both seller and buyer understand their roles when delivering goods to any designated location. Under CIP, the seller takes...
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Carload or container load. Carload (CL) When you see "CL" referring to a carload, it signifies the shipment fills an entire railroad car. This option is ideal for bulk goods that can efficiently utilize the significant space offered by...
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It's a documented record of the event, outlining the details of the loss or damage and serving as a springboard for resolving the issue. Establishing the Facts A well-crafted claim meticulously lays out the specifics of the situation. It details...
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CM/cm (capitalization doesn't affect the unit) represents two different units commonly used for measurement, depending on the context: Centimeters (cm) This is the most frequent meaning of CM/cm. A centimeter is a metric unit of length equal to one-hundredth (1/100)...
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This massive, annually updated publication serves as the official codification of general and permanent regulations issued by the executive departments and agencies of the U.S. federal government. In simpler terms, it's the rulebook that dictates how various federal laws are...
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Сrucial tool that helps businesses chart a clear course, published by the Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) within the U.S. Department of Commerce. At its core, the Commerce Country Chart functions as a decision-making aid for businesses seeking to...
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Document that plays a crucial role in the process of international trade. A well-drafted commercial invoice typically includes the following essential information: Invoice Details A unique invoice number and date of issuance are crucial for identification and tracking purposes. Seller...
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It doesn't refer to just any old product you might buy at a store. Instead, a commodity is a basic good, typically raw materials or agricultural products, that are: Fungible This means individual units of the commodity are essentially...
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Provides transportation services to the public. Common carriers come in various forms, each suited to different types of transportation needs: Shipping Companies These giants of the seas transport cargo containers across vast distances, connecting continents through international trade routes. Airlines...
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In the legal landscape, there exist two main families of legal systems: common law and civil law. Common law, also known as judge-made law, stands on a foundation of precedent and custom. Common law systems rely heavily on past court...
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Compliance in maritime shipping refers to adhering to a complex web of international and national laws and regulations. These regulations govern various aspects, including: Safety This encompasses everything from vessel construction and maintenance standards to crew training and emergency preparedness...
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It refers to situations where damage to your shipment, or even a portion of the shipment being missing, isn't immediately apparent upon delivery. Unlike obvious damage to boxes or leaking containers, concealed loss/damage is more insidious. It might involve:Internal DamageProducts...
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Confirming House is a trusted intermediary between an exporter (seller) and an overseas buyer (importer). They act as the buyer's agent, ensuring a smooth transaction for both parties. 1.The key advantage for exporters is the payment guarantee. Unlike traditional...
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Unlike traditional carriers that handle the physical transportation of goods, connecting carriers don't own trucks, ships, or airplanes. Instead, they act as intermediaries, connecting shippers with the most suitable carriers for each leg of a multi-modal journey. Connecting carriers understand...
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The consignee is the designated recipient of a shipment. They can be an individual, a company, or any entity expecting to receive the goods. Essentially, they're the one waiting for that knock on the door or the arrival notice for...
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A consignment differs from a typical sale in one key aspect: ownership. While the goods are shipped (consigned) to a recipient (consignee), the consignor (sender) often retains ownership until certain conditions are met. In simple terms, a consignment is a...
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Consignor, also commonly referred to as the shipper or exporter. Regardless of the term used – consignor, shipper, or exporter – they all represent the same party: the one sending the goods. They're the driving force behind the shipment, responsible...
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Consolidation is essentially carpooling for cargo. Multiple smaller shipments from different companies are grouped together to fill a single container. This allows everyone to benefit from the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of containerized shipping. By sharing the container cost among multiple...
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A government official who resides in a foreign country and represents the interests of their native country.
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Document required by some foreign countries, specifying exact information about consignor, consignee, value description, etc. for a shipment. The Consular Invoice is certified by the country's consul to which the merchandise is being sent.
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Type of entry, when goods are imported for use (commercial, business, or personal purposes) into the United States without any time or use restrictions. A Consumption Entry may be formal or informal depending on the circumstances.
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Large metal box used for transporting goods.
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Cargo that is large enough in volume or weight to fill a container.
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A document indicating the contents of the container, its place of departure, and destination. By law, vessels may be required to submit a manifest for each transported container.
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Prohibited cargo imported or exported from a country illegally, e.g. drugs or unauthorized weapons.
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A document that legally binds an agreement between two or more people/organizations to carry out reciprocal obligations or value.
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Protection given to the authors of literary, artistic, musical, and certain other intellectual works. It is a type of intellectual property that gives its creator the right to produce, distribute, copy, and display their work.
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Anti-subsidy duties, imposed to offset export grants, bounties, or subsidies paid to foreign suppliers in certain countries by that country's government to promote export. These duties are imposed under World Trade Organization (WTO) rules after an investigation finds out that...
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A country, where goods were made, mined, grown, manufactured, or significantly transformed.
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International trade term for any mode of transport. When goods are bought or sold "carriage paid to" (CPT), this means that the seller delivers the goods to a destination agreed in advance between the seller and the buyer. The seller...
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An abbreviation for “Cubic.” A unit of volume measurement. E.g., standard 20-foot container has a volume of 1,170 cubic ft. or 33.1 cubic m.
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A situation where a container or vessel has reached its volumetric capacity before reaching its maximum allowed weight.
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A government office, especially at a port, where duties are paid and import and export paperwork are filed.
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The authority that provides control over the transportation of goods across the state border and deals with taxes on these goods; The place at an airport, port, or border where imported goods are examined to make sure they are legal...
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A building or other secured area where imported dutiable goods may be stored, repacked, manipulated, or undergo manufacturing operations without payment of duty for up to 5 years from the date of importation.
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Also known as Import Bond. It is a form of insurance that guarantees that the importer promises to pay necessary taxes and obey Customs regulations for importing goods. A Customs Bond is a contract between three parties: The importer The...
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An individual or organization contracted to make sure the customs declaration is correct, duties and taxes are provided accurately, and payment is received so that goods can transit across borders smoothly.
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A process in which a customs authority evaluates a shipment imported into their country to ensure compliance with their country's import regulations. A shipment approved by the customs authority and allowed to trade in their country is considered to have...
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A document that usually accompanies exported goods and contains information such as the nature of the goods, their value, the consignee, and the final destination.
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A document that provides the U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) with information about cargo imported into the United States, such as value, classification, and origin. CBP uses this form to calculate duties owed. An Entry Summary must be filed...
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A document that allows importers and exporters to send goods internationally. It is required by a country’s customs authority, and serves the same purpose as a standard commercial invoice but also contains additional information such as a certificate of origin:...
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Local rules and practices to which export and import will be subjected in customs.
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Some shipments involve no actual monetary transaction between the exporter and the consignee, such as shipments for repair under warranty, or shipments of items used for display at trade shows. These shipments are still subject to duties and taxes, and...
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The deadline by which the cargo may be delivered to a terminal for loading.
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A voluntary partnership to help ensure supply chain security established by U.S. Customs and Border Protection in November 2001. Meeting the C–TPAT standards allows cargo owners to process cargo more quickly through customs formalities and inspections.
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D
Products may be considered dangerous if they are corrosive, flammable, poisonous, toxic, explosive, etc., and capable of posing an unreasonable risk to health, safety, and property when transported in commerce. Shipping hazardous goods may require special documentation or packaging to...
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A document required when shipping dangerous goods (hazardous materials). There are three types of declaration: the DG IATA form for air transport, the DG IMO form for inland and ocean transport, and the Lithium Battery Declaration required for shipments of...
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International trade term for any mode of transport. It is used when the seller bears all risks and costs associated with delivering the goods to the named foreign destination not unloaded. The buyer is responsible for all costs and risks...
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A document used when the exporter extends credit to the buyer. It indicates a specific future date when the draft is payable.
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A legal term for doing business under a certain registered name.
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International trade term for any mode of transport. It is used when the seller bears all risks and costs associated with delivering cargo to the named place of destination ready for unloading and cleared for import.
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The government agency within the U.S. Department of State tasked with enforcing the International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR). It controls the export and temporary import of defense articles and defense services covered by the United States Munitions List (USML).
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A cargo that is stowed in less than 40 cubic feet but weighs a long ton.
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It measures a vessel's total weight, including cargo, fuel, water, supplies, crew, and passengers. It is the difference between the number of tons of water a vessel displaces “light” and the number of tons it displaces when submerged to the...
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Location where a large shipment is broken down into smaller units in preparation for delivery.
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Sharing or release of controlled technology, source code, or information to a foreign person at home or abroad. Export regulations apply to deemed exports as well.
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The weight by which a shipment is less than the minimum weight.
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A document signed and dated by a buyer or their authorized agent confirming receipt of goods and stating their condition upon delivery.
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Demurrage is charged when a loaded container is held at a port or terminal beyond the free time.
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Also called “restricted party screening” or “trade party screening”. It is the process of checking whether potential business partners are on denied party lists. These are lists of individuals or organizations that a government has identified as parties that one...
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Also called an anti-diversion clause. It is a legal statement put on an export invoice that specifies that the cargo is to be transferred to the ultimate consignee and no one else. Diversion to other countries or parties without prior...
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Detention is charged when an empty container is held outside the port or terminal beyond the free time.
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The unloading of cargo from a container.
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The sale by an exporter directly to a customer located in a foreign country.
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A situation when documents presented do not conform to the requirements of the letter of credit (L/C). Banks will not process L/C’s that have discrepancies. They will refer the situation back to the buyer and/or seller and await further instructions.
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A facility created for storing, sorting, and circulating products into a specific market. It serves as a central hub in a supply chain network for inventory management and order fulfillment. This may or may not be a part of the...
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Intermediary entity between the producer of a product and another entity in the distribution channel or supply chain. The distributor generally provides support and service for the product, relieving the exporter of these responsibilities.
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1) a change made in the route of cargo transportation or the route of the entire vessel; 2) the transfer of goods from the intended end-user to some other party.
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1․ For ships: a cargo handling area parallel to the shoreline where a vessel usually ties up; 2․ For land transportation: a loading or unloading platform at an industrial location or carrier terminal.
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A form used to acknowledge receipt of cargo. Provides the framework for the preparation of an ocean bill of lading.
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A financial instrument used in international trade transactions to protect the interests of both buyer and seller. It requires that payment be made on the presentation of specified documents to a lender conveying the title and indicating the specific steps...
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Instructions given by a seller/exporter to a bank indicating that documents transferring title to goods should be delivered to the buyer/importer only after the buyer accepts the attached draft.
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Instructions given by a seller/exporter to a bank indicating that the attached documents are to be released to the buyer/importer only upon payment.
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The executive branch department that coordinates and oversees transportation in the United States.
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International trade term for any mode of transport. It is used in the situation when the seller assumes all costs and risks until the goods are unloaded at the agreed and named place of destination. In this case, the buyer...
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The number of feet that the ship’s hull is beneath the water’s surface. Commonly known as a bill of exchange. It is an unconditional order in writing, signed by a drawer (a buyer) and addressed to a drawee (a bank)....
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A partial refund of an import fee. It is usually given if goods are re-exported from the country that collected the fee.
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The short-distance transportation of goods that often involves the movement of containerized cargo between ports, rail yards, or warehouses. It plays a crucial role in intermodal shipping, helping to transfer goods between different modes of transport. Since drayage involves short...
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An e-commerce business model in which the vendors take orders from customers, but does not store goods in stock. Instead, they pass the order to a manufacturer, another retailer, a wholesaler, or a fulfillment house that transports the order directly...
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A company that makes a good effort to comply with all relevant rules and regulations that apply to them. They need to know exactly what product is being sold/shipped, its condition, as well as the associated commercial, technical, and environmental...
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Importing merchandise into a country at a price less than the fair market value, usually through subsidy by the exporting country.
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The amount on which an Ad Valorem or customs duty is calculated.
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Also called tariffs. These are taxes collected on importing and exporting merchandise.
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E
Regulate export and re-export of items and technologies for foreign policy and national security purposes. The EAR is administered by the BIS.
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Five-character alphanumeric code used to identify items for export control purposes. Knowing the right ECCN for your product plays a role in determining if you need an export license.
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It is an association of mainly U.S. engineering, procurement, and construction companies and their freight forwarders. It was created jointly by the Maritime Administration in 1997 to find solutions to transportation problems and expand the export of U.S. project cargoes.
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Digital document issued by the registered chamber of commerce to the exporter. It helps document transfer and control between customs be done online. Certificates of origin are a common customs document required by many countries and as part of various...
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Electronically automated exchange of business documents such as invoices, purchase orders, and bills of lading.
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Data that must be filed in the Automated Export System (AES) via the Automated Commercial Environment (ACE) online web portal for goods transported from the U.S. to a foreign country.
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Official prohibition designed to protect economic or national security. This is a ban on trade or other commercial activity with a particular country.
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The power of a sovereign government or its agent to take property for necessary public use, with payment of compensation.
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Stands for empty repositioning. It means the movement of empty containers.
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Synonym for ‘ultimate consignee’. A shipment’s ultimate recipient. This may be different from the party being billed.
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A legal signature that signals the transfer of rights from a holder to another party. It is usually placed on the reverse of a draft.
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An official statement made to Customs regarding details of cargo entering the country.
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A document used when transferring a container from one carrier to another, or from one terminal to another.
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Software that helps companies improve the shipping process by integrating order processing, tracking, accounting, etc. Some ERP systems include international shipping or trade compliance modules.
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Notations made when goods are received at the carrier’s terminal or loaded aboard a vessel. They are usually related to a shortage or damage of goods and are noted on the bill of lading.
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A situation when the container or trailer is only filled with the shipper’s goods and not those of any other party, even if there is additional space. A shipper may pay a premium rate to obtain exclusive use.
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Issued with documents such as letters of credit, tariffs, etc. to advise that stated provisions will expire at a set time.
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The official interpretation of the Harmonized System (HS) at the international level published by the World Customs Organization. They provide a commentary on the scope of each heading, giving a list of products included or excluded, with technical descriptions of...
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Transportation of goods to a foreign country. The opposite of import.
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A company's written set of procedures for ensuring operating export activities following the Export Administration Regulations (EAR).
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Laws and regulations applied by a government to manage an export or import of certain items, e.g. technology, military goods, or chemicals.
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A type of form submitted at the port by an exporter, declaring details about the goods being shipped out of the country. Customs use this information to control exports and compile statistical information about a country's foreign trade.
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A government-issued document that indicates approval to export a certain good to a certain country.
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An outsourcing company that manages export operations of manufacturers and suppliers that do not have their export department.
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A restriction imposed by a government on the value or number of exported goods or services. It is typically designed to protect domestic producers and consumers from temporary shortages of goods or to maintain their prices in world markets.
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Government payments, low-cost loans, tax relief, or other benefits provided to domestic producers to support the export of their goods on the world market.
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A company that acts as an independent distributor and links local manufacturers with foreign buyers. Its services may include warehousing, shipping, insurance, etc.
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A U.S. official export credit agency that provides finance products to U.S. exporters and foreign buyers of U.S. products.
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An international trade term for any mode of transport. It is used in the situation when the seller fulfills their obligations by having the goods available for the buyer at the named place at the agreed time. The buyer bears...
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Buying and selling of goods and services over the Internet.
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F
Abbreviation for “freight all kinds.” Typically refers to full container loads of mixed cargo.
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Misrepresenting freight or weight information on shipping documents.
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It is an Incoterm rule for sea and inland waterway transport. The seller clears the goods for export and delivers them alongside the vessel at the named port of shipment. The buyer assumes all risks and costs for goods from...
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An international trade term for any mode of transport. It is used in the situation when the seller is responsible for either making the goods available at its premises or at a named place. The seller is responsible for loading...
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The agency within the U.S. federal government responsible for administering maritime affairs including the tariff system, freight forwarder licensing, enforcing the conditions of the Shipping Act, and approving conference or other carrier agreements.
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Sometimes abbreviated as Fed. Reg., FedReg, or FR. It is the official journal of the federal government of the U.S. where government agency rules, proposed rules, and public notices are published.
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A short-distance or regional maritime service that transfers cargo from regional ports or small terminals to a central hub port for a long-haul ocean voyage.
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A short-sea vessel that transports cargo between smaller ports and a central hub port.
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A standard 40ft shipping container, measuring approximately 40 ft (12.2 m) long, 8 ft (2.4 m) wide, and 8 ft (2.4 m) high. One standard FEU can hold 22 to 23 pallets and carry approximately 58,930 pounds (26,730 kg), depending...
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A container with two end walls, but without side walls and a roof. It is usually used for oversized cargo that cannot be transported in a standard container.
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An international trade term for sea and inland waterway transport. It is used when the seller clears the goods for export and delivers them on board the vessel at the named port of shipment. The buyer assumes all risks and...
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Also known as Freight on Board Destination. It is a shipping term that means the seller retains ownership of the goods until they arrive at the buyer’s specified delivery location. The seller covers all transportation costs and assumes responsibility for...
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A common clause in contracts that exempts the parties from not fulfilling their obligations due to events beyond their control, such as natural disasters or war.
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The direction on a vessel parallel to the center line.
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A part of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. It helps bring U.S. farm products to international markets by providing exporters with resource and market intelligence assistance.
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An act making it unlawful for a U.S. person or company to offer, pay, or promise to pay money or anything of value to any foreign official to obtain or retain business.
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Also abbreviated FTZ and sometimes called a ‘free trade zone’ or ‘free port’. These are secure areas where goods can be manufactured, modified, and stored under specific customs regulations and are generally not subject to customs duties.
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Foreign Principal Party in Interest. This is the party abroad to whom the final delivery of the goods will be made.
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A shipment that is miscarried or unloaded at the wrong place and then sent to its proper destination without additional charge.
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A marine insurance agreement in which the assurer does not have to pay for partial loss or damage to cargo shipments except in certain circumstances, such as stranding, sinking, collision, or fire.
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The amount of time that a carrier’s equipment may be used without incurring additional charges.
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Goods or cargo being transported by ship, train, truck, or airplane.
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An Invoice form issued by the carrier based on the Bill of Lading and other information. It includes transactional details and costs for a freight shipment, including services rendered and accessorial charges.
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A person who arranges transportation on behalf of a shipper. Typically, a freight broker connects shippers to freight service providers.
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A third party who arranges the transportation of goods on behalf of a shipper. A freight forwarder may have its in-house carriers or may contract with external carriers.
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Treaties between countries that are designed to reduce barriers to trade and investment, and to facilitate stronger commercial ties between these countries. FTA usually involves lowering duty rates for shipments, provisions for intellectual property rights, environmental protection, dispute resolution, etc....
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Refers to the cargo that is large enough to fill a truck. This cargo won’t be consolidated with other shipments from other customers.
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The set of regulations placed on international trade in the U.S. They are established and updated by the U.S. Census Bureau.
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A loaded vessel is said to be “full and down” when it carries cargoes of such a volume and weight that it fills all the vessel’s spaces and also brings her down to her tonnage load line.
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The amount of cargo a vessel can carry. While the cargo lot may take up most of the vessel’s space or tonnage capacity, it does not require a vessel’s volume and weight capacity to be fully utilized.
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The quantity of freight that fills a standard truck so that no more of the same type of freight can be loaded, consistent with safety and damage precautions.
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G
An agreement between two parties where both collectively share savings from productivity improvements.
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A legal agreement between many countries which promoted international trade by minimizing trade barriers, e.g. tariffs and quotas. It was succeeded by the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995, with the original GATT text remaining part of the WTO framework.
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A status given to cargo imported into the U.S. that is missing proper Customs documentation or cannot be quickly cleared through Customs for other reasons.
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The total monetary value of all goods and services a country produces during a certain period.
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The maximum operating weight of a vehicle as specified by the manufacturer including cargo, passengers, and fuel.
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H
A sheltered body of water where ships stop to resupply and load or unload cargo.
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A federal charge imposed on importers and domestic shippers to fund the maintenance and improvement of US ports and harbors. HMF is calculated at 0.125% of the cargo value, as declared on the commercial invoice.
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An official responsible for the safe and efficient operation of harbors and ports.
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An internationally standardized system used to classify traded products. The first six digits of an HS code are universal worldwide, but each country adds additional digits to further specify products. These codes play a role in determining import and export...
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An opening on the deck of a vessel, through which cargo or people can go.
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The unification of two or more parts of one shipment originating at different locations, moving under one Bill of Lading, from one shipper to one consignee.
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A document issued by an Ocean Transport Intermediary (OTI), such as a freight forwarder or a non-vessel operating company (NVOCC), to a shipper to acknowledge receipt of their cargo for shipment.
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A classification system that sets out the tariff rates and statistical categories for all merchandise imported into the United States. It is based on the internationally recognized Harmonized System (HS).
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I
The regulations established by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) for the international transport of dangerous goods by sea. This code’s principles help keep people safe, prevent ship damage, and preserve the environment.
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Transportation of goods into a country. The opposite of export.
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A form submitted by an importer (buyer) or their agent (customs broker) to their country’s customs authority before or upon the importation of goods. It includes the contact details of the importer, how the goods are being transported, and the...
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A government-issued permit authorizing the importation of goods into the country.
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Importer Security Filing (ISF), also known as "10+2," is a US Customs and Border Protection (CBP) requirement for all ocean cargo imports to the United States. This filing provides detailed shipment information as goods move through various checkpoints. It must...
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Refers to an import or export shipment that has not yet cleared customs.
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A permit that enables foreign merchandise arriving at one port to be transported in bond to another port, where a superseding entry is filed.
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A set of universal trade terms published by the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC). They consist of three-letter codes intended to communicate the tasks, costs, and risks associated with the goods transportation and delivery in an international transaction. They define...
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A sale by an exporter to the buyer through a domestic intermediary, e.g. an export management company or an export trading company.
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A document required by some purchasers and countries to attest to the necessary quality, safety, and performance criteria of the goods shipped. The inspection is usually performed by an independent inspection firm.
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A document used as evidence that insurance against loss or damage has been obtained for the goods. It is prepared by the exporter or freight forwarder.
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The collective term for creations of the mind, such as literary and artistic works, new ideas, inventions, designs, and films protected by copyright, patent, or trademark.
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A location where freight in transit is transferred from one carrier to another.
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Also known as a tote, IBC tote, or IBC tank. A pallet-mounted, industrial-grade reusable container used for transportation and storage of liquids, pastes, semi-solids, and solids. The two most common totes are the composite 275-gallon and 330-gallon (1,040 and 1,250...
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Also known as Multimodal. A method of moving goods in the same load unit using more than one type of transportation (air, rail, sea, truck, etc.). An intermodal container is used in different modes of transport without having to unload...
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An organization that plays a role in rule setting, dispute resolution, and policy advocacy in international trade, supporting the commerce goals of the United Nations and the World Trade Organization.
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A U.S. Department of Commerce bureau that promotes exports by providing diplomatic support, helping to shape trade policy, removing trade barriers, and enforcing U.S. trade laws and agreements.
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An itemized list of goods shipped to a buyer, usually specifying quantities, prices, shipping charges, etc.
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A document listing all cargo entering a country of import. It is required by all world ports, primarily for assessing duty in the receiving country.
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International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures No. 15 is an international environmental standard for treating wood packaging materials. It was set up to help prevent the spread of pests and diseases. Under these rules, all wood packaging materials such as pallets,...
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The International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code was introduced after the 9/11 attacks to strengthen security in maritime transport. It was implemented by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) as an amendment to the Safety of Life at Sea...
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Establish controls regarding the export and import of space- or defense-related products. They are enforced by the U.S. Department of State.
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J
A method of inventory control which minimizes warehousing and in which the container acts as a movable warehouse. A company receives goods as close as possible to when they are needed.
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A unified cost applied by multiple transport providers when delivering a load of goods over a route.
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A list of items exempt from country of origin marking requirements when importing into the US. Items on the J-list are usually exempt because they are either incapable of being marked (e.g. liquids) or marking them is impractical (e.g. fine...
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K
A unit of speed equal to one nautical mile (6,076 feet or 1852 meters) per hour. It is abbreviated kt or kn.
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A loss discovered before or at the time of shipment’s arrival.
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L
Labeling cargo refers to attaching shipping labels to boxes or pallets to serve as clear and fast identifiers of the transported goods. Cargo, including all commodities, requiring a label according to the provisions of the International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code.
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Loaded aboard a vessel.
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The act of loading a ship with cargo.
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A situation when a container is shipped from a foreign country by vessel, and then carried across the land by truck or rail.
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The total cost of a product after it has been delivered to a customer. It includes raw materials, shipping costs, insurance, warehousing, and all applicable duties and fees.
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The inventory concept to describe that the last received goods are dispatched first.
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May also be called less-than-container (LCL). It is a trucking option for shipments that are not large enough to fill an entire truck. An LTL carrier mixes freight from several customers in a single truckload. LTL is typically used for...
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Also known as a documentary collection and is often abbreviated as LC or L/C. It is a written commitment by a bank issued after an importer's request that payment will be made to an exporter, provided that the terms of...
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Certain criteria which allow an exporter to export a product without an export license in cases where it would normally be required.
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An agreement in which a company sells the rights to use its products or services but retains control.
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The rate of freight including the costs of loading the goods on board a vessel at the departure port. The costs of unloading the goods are paid by the recipient at the destination port.
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An exact amount of money a seller must pay a buyer if a project does not meet the standards or deadline outlined in the sales contract.
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In the context of importing, liquidation is when the customs authority finalizes its review of an entry and calculates the duties owed.
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The degree of tilting or leaning of a vessel to one side.
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The process of adapting a product to meet cultural, legal, and other requirements of a specific market.
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The organization, planning, management, and execution of the flow of goods. A logistics company is a general term for an organization that provides logistics services, which may include freight forwarding, customs brokerage, and/or consulting services.
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A person who loads and unloads vessels at a port.
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M
A carrier employing vessel(s) in the principal trading routes but not participating within a consortium.
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Refers to situations in which a carrier illegally gives preference to a customer to attract their business.
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Relating to sailing on the sea or shipping by sea.
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Letters, numbers, or other symbols placed on packaging used to identify different pieces of cargo.
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A bill of lading that is issued by a carrier and represents the contract of carriage for the goods. Once the carrier confirms that it has received the goods, the MBL is released to the party who made the booking.
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A document prepared by a supplier/shipper of hazardous materials that details safety information and how to handle or use the product or material. It typically lists hazardous ingredients, handling procedures, first aid procedures, and precautions.
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A unit of weight equal to 1,000 kg or 2,204.62 lbs.
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A key event or action that marks the completion of a defined phase within a project or flow of goods.
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Shipment that consists of items described in and rated under two or more rate items within a tariff.
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A status or level of treatment accorded by one national government to another in international business. A country with MFN status cannot be treated less favorably in international transactions than any other country with MFN status.
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a) For the purpose of determining the applicability a vehicle that is self-propelled and capable of transporting a person or persons or any material or any permanently or temporarily affixed apparatus shall be deemed a motor vehicle, unless any one...
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N
The National Customs Brokers and Forwarders Association of America is an organization representing the interests of customs brokers and freight forwarders in the U.S. The Association maintains a close watch over legislative and regulatory issues that affect its members through...
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A Negotiable Bill of Lading allows the transfer of ownership of goods to a third party during transit. Once this has been done, the new consignee can then transfer the title to someone else, and so on. A Non-negotiable Bill...
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A term used in ocean or airfreight tariffs for an item that is not mentioned elsewhere in a classification system. If no rate for the specific item shipped appears in the tariff, then a general class rate will apply. Such...
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The weight of goods not including the weight of packaging.
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Required by some countries for protection against dumping of certain merchandise or products.
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A company or person who appears on the bill of lading or waybill to be notified when the goods arrive at their destination. Could be different from the consignee, but is often the actual receiver of the cargo. A notify...
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An organization that offers an international cargo shipping service through the use of underlying carriers and under their own rate structure in accordance with tariffs filed with the Federal Maritime Commission in Washington D.C.
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O
A crucial document for transporting goods across international waters. It serves as a contract between the shipper and the carrier, ensuring that the exporter gets paid and the importer receives the goods. Additionally, it acts as a receipt and title...
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An agency of the U.S. federal government responsible for negotiating trade agreements.
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A notation on a bill of lading indicating that specific goods have been received and loaded on a ship.
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A notation on a bill of lading indicating that the shipped cargo has been stowed on the open deck of a vessel.
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A transaction in which goods are shipped and delivered to a foreign buyer before payment is due.
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Rates established for each carrier. They are listed in a tariff list but may differ according to carrier.
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A measure of operating efficiency and profitability based on a comparison of a carrier’s total operating expenses to its net sales.
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This includes the time and the process involved from placing the order to receiving the shipment. It includes the following processes: communicating the order, order processing, and transporting the shipment.
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Process that includes picking, packing, and delivery of the packed items to a shipping carrier.
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1) a country or port where cargo is being shipped from; 2) a country where goods were originally manufactured.
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A company that produces parts and equipment that another manufacturer may market.
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Refers to a load that is not suitable for stuffing into a standard container due to its dimensions. It requires the use of special equipment like flat racks or open-top containers.
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A small port built to support the commercial operations of a large port. It serves as an intermediary port in the shipping process, facilitating the transportation of goods from smaller, regional areas to major destination ports.
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A situation in which the number of units received or shipped exceeds the quantity stated on the documents. It is the opposite of shortage.
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A shipping rate on cargo from the Far East via West Coast ports, used to make Midwest and East U.S. shipping competitive against all-water routes via Atlantic and Gulf ports. OCP rates apply to cargo shipped from or consigned to...
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P
A document used in international trade that provides key details about a shipment. It helps exporters, freight forwarders, and consignees understand how goods are packed, including their dimensions, weight, and any identifying marks or numbers on the packages. A packing...
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A wooden or plastic platform on which packages are loaded. Facilitates easier handling by a forklift.
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A bilateral free trade agreement between the United States and Panama that came into effect on October 31, 2012. It provides the elimination of tariffs and removes barriers to financial and other services.
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A small shipment that typically weighs less than 150 pounds (68 kg) and is easily transportable without help.
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A right granted by a sovereign authority to an inventor. It entitles the patent holder to prevent all others from using, making, or selling the subject matter of the patent for a set period.
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A party who receives payment; a seller.
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A party who pays money; a buyer.
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Terms that describe how and when a customer pays for the goods or services. They typically include such conditions as whether the payment can be made in installments, by credit or cash, and when payment must be completed.
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A document issued by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and used to meet import requirements of other countries. It certifies that cargo has been inspected and is free from harmful pests and plant diseases.
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A structure extending into the water perpendicular to the shoreline to which a vessel is secured to load and unload cargo.
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Often referred to as the port of destination; the location where cargo is shipped to and leaves the custody of a carrier.
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The location where cargo is initially received by the carrier and enters his custody.
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Abbreviation for: port of destination port of discharge; a place where a ship discharges or unloads some or all of its cargo proof of delivery; a document signed by the recipient to confirm the delivery of cargo in good condition.
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The location where cargo is transferred from a shipper to a carrier.
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Abbreviation for: 1) port of loading 2) petroleum, oil, and lubricants; a term which includes all petroleum and associated products used by the Department of the Navy (DoN)
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A type of risk that political forces will cause significant changes in a country’s business environment that negatively affect the profit of a business enterprise. This may include political violence, confiscation, expropriation, and domestication (or nationalization).
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1) a harbor with piers or docks where vessels load and unload cargo and passengers 2) the left side of a ship while standing at the rear facing the front side 3) an opening in the side of a vessel...
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An intermediate port where a ship discharges and receives cargo or takes supplies and fuel.
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Port where goods are unloaded and enter a country.
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Port where goods are loaded and leave a country.
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A shipping arrangement where a shipper pays freight charges before the release of bills of lading by a carrier.
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Also called commodity classification. It is a classification system that allocates specific numeric or alphanumeric codes to particular product categories. These are the Harmonized System (HS), Schedule B and the U.S. Harmonized Tariff Schedule (HTS), Export Control Classification Numbers (ECCNs),...
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A quote in an invoice format, produced by an exporter or seller and given to a potential buyer before a transaction is finalized.
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Project cargo refers to the domestic or international transport of oversized, heavy, high-value, or complex equipment. These shipments may involve materials sourced globally or from a single location. As one of the most challenging types of logistics, project cargo often...
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Q
A restriction placed on the movement of goods and people to protect public health and safety.
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A structure on the shore of a harbor or on the bank of a river or canal where ships dock for loading and unloading cargo or passengers.
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The quantity or monetary value of goods that may be exported or imported without restrictions over a set period.
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A document given by a logistics company showing the costs of shipping goods from one location to another.
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R
The formula of specific factors such as weight, dimension, equipment type, packaging, etc. that play a role in determining freight rates.
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The principle of being reasonable in transportation fees. Under ICC and common law, these fees should not be higher than necessary to reimburse the carrier and allow a fair profit.
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A term that refers to refrigerated ships and shipping containers. They are used for perishable cargo that needs to be temperature-controlled during shipping.
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A criterion in international trade agreements used to determine whether a product meets a rule of origin.
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The transfer of containers from one vessel to another when the same carrier controls both vessels.
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A sum of money sent by one party to another as payment.
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A move where a container is discharged from a ship and put back onto it either at the same or a different stow position. This could be due to incorrect stowage or a change of destination being requested at a...
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Payment received by a carrier for transporting cargo.
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An official document an organization uses to request bids from potential suppliers or vendors. An RFP in logistics allows potential vendors to provide details in bid form outlining their services, timelines, pricing structure, and other relevant information.
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A formal request made by customers to suppliers or vendors asking for price quotes on specific products or services. An RFQ in logistics details the project’s scope, quality requirements, delivery deadlines, payment terms, and other qualitative information.
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A vessel designed to carry wheeled cargo, such as cars, buses, motorcycles, and trailers, that are driven onto and off the ship on their wheels or using a platform vehicle.
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S
An official order that limits trade, contact, etc. with a particular country, group, or individual, in order to obey laws.
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An executive agency of the U.S. government designed to bolster and promote the economy by encouraging and facilitating the development of small businesses and entrepreneurs in America.
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A network of offices across the U.S. that provide training and technical assistance to local small businesses. SBDCs are administered by the SBA.
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A two- to four-letter code assigned by the National Motor Freight Traffic Association to identify vessel operating common carriers (VOCC) in computer systems and shipping documents.
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10-digit classification code built upon the first six digits of the HS Code and used for goods exported out of the U.S. These codes are used by the U.S. Census Bureau to calculate trade statistics and by U.S. Customs and...
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Under Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962, the President of the U.S. is granted the power to adjust the imports of goods or materials if the quantity or circumstances surrounding those imports threaten national security. This can...
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Under Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974, the Office of the United States Trade Representative (USTR) files a Special 301 Report annually, identifying “Priority Foreign Countries” with inadequate intellectual property laws or violating trade agreements. The President of...
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Equipment such as rigging, cranes, etc. used on a ship to load or unload cargo.
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A specified period set by the buyer, during which time the supplier must ship the cargo.
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A person or a company responsible for organizing and transporting goods or products from one place to another.
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A document provided by a shipper or exporter to their freight forwarder outlining transportation and documentation instructions. If the freight forwarder is filing through the Automated Export System (AES) on behalf of the exporter, the SLI includes the information they...
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Paperwork that accompanies a shipment and provides information about the goods, as well as the shipping date, the customer, and the method of shipment. Shipping documents usually include bills of lading, packing lists, invoices, insurance documents, and air waybills.
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A situation in which the number of units received or shipped is less than the quantity stated on the shipping documents. It is the opposite of overage.
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The act of moving cargo, particularly vehicles, within a terminal/port or from one terminal to another in the same port on its wheels.
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A type of bill of exchange, in which the exporter holds the title to the transported goods until they reach their destination and payment is made. Before the shipment can be released to the buyer, the original "to order" ocean...
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A single deck pallet. It is non-stackable, but it can easily be dragged throughout a warehouse.
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An online system maintained by the Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) in the U.S. Commerce Department. It allows U.S. companies to submit export license applications, commodity classification requests, reexport license applications, and license exception AGR notifications via the Internet.
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A set of international standards enforced by the International Maritime Organization (IMO). It establishes the least safety measures in merchant ships' construction, equipment, and operation.
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The procurement of goods or services from a particular entity or country, and the business process of strategically finding and contracting with the best suppliers who will give the greatest advantage.
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Refers to placing a container or trailer in a specific position from which it can be loaded or unloaded.
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The right side of a ship while standing at the rear facing the front side.
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A notation on a bill of lading or other shipping documents used to indicate that the contents of a container or package are declared or stated by the shipper, but the carrier or other party has not physically verified these...
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The back or aft-most part of a ship. It is the opposite of a bow.
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a person who manages the loading and unloading of cargo ships the act of loading or offloading cargo to and/or from a ship
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A process of removing cargo from a container or transport equipment.
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A process of putting cargo into a container.
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A notation on a bill of lading or other shipping documents used to indicate that the carrier does not have any responsibility for actual cargo weight.
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A system of interconnected individuals, organizations, resources, activities, and technology involved in the movement of goods from a supplier to a customer.
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An extra or additional charge.
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An extra or additional tax on something already taxed.
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T
The backside of a container or trailer.
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Also known as unladen weight; the weight of an empty container, packaging, or vehicle.
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A tax imposed on a product or service when imported into a country. Some foreign countries apply tariffs to exports.
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A location on a seaport where cargo is loaded and unloaded and then transferred onto its next step.
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A charge for a service carried out in a shipping terminal.
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Commonly known as Incoterms. A set of 11 internationally recognized rules that define the obligations, risks, and costs of the buyer and seller involving the delivery of goods that make up the export transaction.
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An exact unit of measurement used to determine cargo capacity for container ships and terminals. It is derived from the dimensions of a 20-foot standardized shipping container which is 20 feet (6.1 m) long, 8 feet (2.4 m) wide, and...
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A company that provides logistics services to other companies, such as inventory storage and management, warehousing, freight forwarding, etc.
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A type of payment document whereby a buyer accepts shipped goods and agrees to pay the seller at a specified date. This document guarantees payment to the seller by an issuing bank.
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The quantitative data that allow for tracking and analyzing the import and export of goods and services between countries or regions. This data typically includes information on the volume and value of trade, types of commodities traded, trade balances (the...
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A word, symbol, name, slogan, or combination thereof that identifies and distinguishes the goods or services of a company from those of other companies and may serve as an index of the quality of a particular product.
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A company specializing in exporting and importing goods produced or provided by other companies.
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A container on wheels attached to the back end of a truck and used to transport goods.
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The transfer of cargo from one vessel to another or from one vehicle to another at an intermediate point during transit to the final destination.
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The total weight, measured in tons, of freight transported by truck.
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U
An internationally recognized four-digit code used to identify dangerous substances and goods.
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A combination of several packages loaded onto a pallet, in a crate, or in some other way that allows for the goods to be handled as a single unit.
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The USPPI is the party in the United States that primarily benefits from an export transaction. This is typically the seller or exporter of the goods. The USPPI is responsible for providing accurate export information and ensuring compliance with U.S....
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A free trade agreement between the United States and Israel established in 1985. It reduced or eliminated duties on imports into the U.S. from Israel and contributed to the U.S. becoming Israel’s top trading partner. It is the only U.S....
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A free trade agreement between the United States and South Korea entered into force in March 2012. The treaty's provisions eliminate 95% of each country's tariffs on goods within five years and create new protections for multinational financial services and...
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A bilateral free trade agreement between the United States and Peru entered into force in February 2009. It eliminates obstacles to trade, consolidates access to goods and services, and fosters private investment in and between the United States and Peru....
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A North American free trade agreement that replaced the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). It aims to promote economic growth and job creation among the three countries by reducing tariffs and other trade barriers.
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A list of defense articles and defense services that are subject to U.S. export controls. It is maintained by the U.S. Department of State and is used to regulate the export of military and dual-use items.
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The United States government agency that provides international development and humanitarian assistance in developing countries while promoting American interests, U.S. national security, and economic prosperity abroad.
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The trade promotion unit of the U.S. Department of Commerce's International Trade Administration. It helps U.S. businesses with exports and sales in foreign markets.
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The government agency responsible for developing and executing federal policy on farming, agriculture, forestry, and food. It also protects natural resources, fosters rural communities, and works to end hunger in the U.S. and internationally.
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A U.S. federal department responsible for promoting American business and economic growth. It oversees various aspects of domestic and international commerce, including international trade, economic analysis, and technology policy.
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A U.S. government agency that provides support and assistance to small businesses. This includes a variety of programs and services, such as loans, counseling, and training, to help small businesses start, grow, and export.
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A U.S. government agency that promotes U.S. exports by funding feasibility studies and technical assistance projects in developing countries.
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V
A consumption tax added to the price of goods and services at each stage of production and distribution. This tax is ultimately borne by the end consumer.
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Common term for all types of machines used for transporting people or/and goods, especially on land, e.g. cars, trucks, buses, etc.
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A watercraft, such as a boat or a ship, used for transportation on water.
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A detailed document that lists all the cargo, passengers, and crew on a vessel. It provides crucial information for customs, immigration, and port authorities.
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A system that monitors and controls ship traffic in a specific area, such as a harbor or port. VTS systems use radar, radio communication, and other technologies to ensure the safe and efficient movement of vessels.
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W
Insurance coverage that protects against financial losses resulting from war-related events such as invasion, civil war, terrorism, or acts of war.
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A building or facility designed to store goods, merchandise, or materials. Warehouses are used to protect goods from damage, theft, and weather conditions.
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A legal document issued by a warehouse to acknowledge the receipt of goods. It serves as proof of ownership and can be used as collateral for loans.
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The process of storing goods in a warehouse. This includes activities like receiving, storing, and retrieving goods, as well as inventory management and order fulfillment.
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A structure built along a waterfront for loading and unloading ships. Wharves provide a platform for the transfer of cargo between ships and land-based transportation.
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An intergovernmental organization that aims to simplify and harmonize customs procedures and regulations worldwide. The WCO is responsible for developing and maintaining the Harmonized System (HS) of tariff classification.
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An international organization that regulates international trade. The WTO oversees trade agreements, resolves trade disputes, and promotes free trade among member countries.
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